Active Prediction of Sites Prone to the HUM by Aharonov- Bohm Criteria

CHRIS BARNES

Bangor Scientific Consultants, Bangor, Gwynedd , Wales, United Kingdom

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Abstract –Although the Hum is predominantly an infrasonic effect, in some individuals it would seem to be enhanced by the presence of certain electromagnetic frequencies. Active prediction of locations most likely to experience the HUM are made and confirmed using criteria derived from the electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect, in that the HUM is also proposed to be a non-linear bio-acoustic effect linking electromagnetism and quantum biology. That is to calculate predetermined distances from known transmitter masts where magnetic A potential and B -field would be expected to have between them odd integral numbers of pi/2 phase difference on the basis of transmission frequency and propagation path. Types and frequencies of UHF transmission likely to produce the most intensive HUM in an area in conjunction with a strong medium wave field are also identified. Strong supporting evidence of the HUM as a coherently detected bio-effect possibly involving biological Josephson junction type behaviour is also presented.

Introduction

The author has recently shown that the manifestation in sensitive individuals of the phenomenon known World- wide as the HUM, and experienced extensively in parts of the UK since around 1970 and in the USA since the early 1990’s, is caused by the presence of infrasound and at least two radio frequency sources of significantly different frequency (Barnes 2007). The vast majority of sites which experience the HUM are located within 10km of high power medium wave radio transmitters often with co-sited VHF FM broadcasting facility and within similar or closer distances to a source of UHF or microwave emissions. Since the radio frequency field strengths at which the HUM appears to be manifested can be significantly lower than those required for microwave hearing by thermo-expansion or similar mechanisms. The author (Barnes 2007) has also postulated that bio-detection of the HUM is as a result of coherent action of bio molecules or living cells as defined by the remit of quantum biology. Some useful background information on quantum biology has been given by Massey and Fraser (2003). Another possibly is direct interaction with bound and free water molecules associated with proteins, organic molecules and other structures in the body, see Ho (2005) and also Sebastian et al (2001). To quote the proponents of an emerging Science and Technology then, the HUM may be regarded as a manifestation of a so called ‘Subtle-field’ or ‘Subtle –energy’ energy effect (Srinvasan 1999). There are just a few anecdotal reports of strange hums dating back earlier than the 1970’s , indeed earlier than the history of radio and it is quite probable that these may have had their origins in natural radio sources such as the aurora, meteoric fireballs and inter-stellar microwaves (Deming 2004).

Distance Related Effects near Radio and Television Transmitters

Over the last two decades, as the use of radio communications has expanded faster than ever before there have been equally increasing concerns about its general safety.

The number of HUM reports World wide seems to have mirrored this increase although there are comparatively few reports in big cities (Deming 2004). The present author has provided explanations for this in a previous publication (Barnes 2007). Other strange effects such as sleep disturbances have also been reported as being associated with mobile telephone transmitter installations. There is a phenomenal body of literature, too extensive to review here, some of which is quoted by Henry Lai of energyfields.org to suggest that bio-effects, often non- thermal, due to electromagnetic radiation are very real and significant, and lead to physiological consequences for individuals from the mild to the chronic and even severe such as carcinogenesis, for example. Because of and in addition to such findings, epidemiological studies ( Dolk 1 Sutton Colfield (1997), Dolk 2 All of UK (1997), Cherry (2000), Michelozzi (2002), Ahlbom et al (2004) and Wolf (2004), have also been made, mainly of cancer in individuals living close to various broadcast transmitting facilities. One such study in the Vatican City has shown an increased risk of leukaemia associated with proximity to medium or short wave a.m. broadcasting transmitters up to a distance of 6km or so ( Michelozzi 2002). A very well known study around the Sutton Coldfield transmitter in the English Midlands region concluded there was an increased risk of various cancers within 2km of the Sutton Coldfield TV Transmitter (Dolk 1(1991)) but this result may have been complicated by the fact that the site has both UHF television facilities and equally high powered VHF FM facilities on the same antenna mast.

A second larger study of more transmitters throughout the UK by Dolk et al.,(1997) (Dolk 2) was concerned with, findings for adult leukemia, skin melanoma, and bladder cancer near twenty high power radio and TV transmitters in Great Britain other than the Sutton Coldfield transmitter previously studied. It concluded that, “….while there is evidence of a decline in leukemia risk with distance from transmitters, the pattern and magnitude of risk associated with residence near the Sutton Coldfield transmitter do not appear to be replicated around other transmitters. Indeed in the Dolk 2 (1997) study the incidence in the risk of leukemia in particular seemed to be a maximum 15% higher than expected at distances in the range 2-10 km from transmitters but actually equal or lower than this at distances closer than 2km. Cherry 2000) in a study of the Sutro TV Transmitter, San Francisco and others have explained these findings elegantly in terms of radio frequency field effects relating to the side and main lobes of television and radio transmitting antennas. The Dolk studies (Dolk 1 &2 (1997) and their findings appeared to be at odds with the opinions of local residents, which, having being communicated to Smith, prompted him to re-examined it in the simplest manner so far as its published data allowed in Electromagnetic Hazard & Therapy (Best, 2001).

Smith and Best (2001) re-examines the combined data from both Dolk1 (1997) and Dolk 2 (1997) studies and explains that since the Study covered 20 transmitters from different parts of the UK, it is reasonable to assume that any effects related to geographical or topographical features and antenna design should average out. He believes this only leaves the physical characteristics of the propagation of electromagnetic radiation from which to seek a mechanism. He reaches the conclusion

that when all the data is considered there is a highly significant peak in cancer incidence at on average some 5 km from the transmitter masts giving an observed to expected ratio of up to two fold. In following Smith’s logic, we must not loose site of the fact that most British UHF TV transmitter masts are co-sited with high power VHF FM facilities.

In seeking potential novel and new mechanisms to explain subtle energy bio-interactions, Smith( 2001 and 2004) and others ( Pitkanen 2006) have recently discussed water memory effects not only with regard to homeopathy but with regard to radio –frequency imprinting as well.A simple experiment involving a toroid and solenoid connected in series shows that when the magnetic A –potential and magnetic field vector- B are in opposite directions (180º or p/2 phase difference) the frequency of the current is imprinted into water placed nearby. When the A-potential and B field are parallel (zero phase difference) the frequency imprint is erased. Smith (2001) sees carcinogenesis associated with electromagnetic fields (and potentials) as a subtle bio-effect related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect first described in 1959. More recently it has been shown by van Vlaenderen (2001) that for electromagnetism the generalised Maxwell equations also contain scalar field terms which predict the existence of so called LES (longitudinal electro-scalar) waves in the vacuum which have an associated power flow term. Evans (2004) has stressed the possible importance of the Electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect in radar and signalling technologies and is convinced that the effect is responsible for certain effects of radio frequency radiation on animal and human physiology. Additionally, if Batteaus’ (1968) hypothesis on nerve function proves correct, then the A –potential with its ability to perturb electron wave function at a distance may be able to directly influence nerve and brain tissue.

The present author also agrees that the results as re-evaluated by Smith certainly appear to bear some kind of a manifestation of the electromagnetic Aharonov –Bohm effect. For instance, the electromagnetic radiation (E- and B-fields) from a transmitter will experience refractive index and propagate at the velocity of light in air, but the magnetic vector potential-A (A-field), following the Aharonov-Bohm effect, does not interact with matter (instead it alters the phase of the electron wave-function) and so propagates at the vacuum velocity of light. At 5 km distance from a 100 MHz VHF FM transmitter, there will thus be a transit time difference of 5 ns between the A and B fields, based on standard values for the dielectric constant and refractive index of air. At 100MHz, this distance or time delay represents a 180º or pi/2 phase difference. This would be the ideal condition for that frequency to be imprinted into any water present such as living tissues. The frequency band 70MHz-130MHz would cover the standard deviations in Smith’s data as plotted. In the UK VHF FM broadcasts can be made anywhere within the band 88-108 MHz.

At the other end of the frequency scale, there has been talk of restricting the power output of some medium wave transmitters such as the one at Anguillara-Sabazia (Italy) in response to pressure from the government on the basis of a ‘thermal effects’ hypothesis from “classical physics”. On the basis of Smith’s findings and the work presented here that would seem rather pointless.

Smith (Electromagnetic Man, Chapter 11) has further stated that possible bio-medical effects of the FM transmissions should include stress by entrainment of the allergy acupuncture meridian (AD1 in Voll-notation) which has an endogenous frequency of 94 MHz. As with power lines, there should be stress from chronic exposure to the ‘proving-symptoms’ for whatever homoeopathic potencies happen contain in this case, frequencies in the region of 100 MHz.

Extension of Aharonov-Bohm hypothesis

The hypothesis presented by the present author is that it should be wholly reasonable to expect Aharonov –Bohm type bio-interactions not only at pi/2 phase difference between A and B but also at odd integer multiples of this phase difference as well.

Cherry (2000) has analysed the incidence of all cancers, brain cancer and leukaemia around the Sutro TV tower. In his findings he concludes that cancer clusters coincide well with the radial distances of the antenna lobes. However if one looks at the positive residual variances in the data over and above those expected on a straight linear decrease in cancer probability with distance from the transmitter, (Cherry (2000), figure 11) it can be seen that there are significant increases in all cancers at distances of .9 ,2.6 , 4.3 and 6.3 km from the transmitter. The actual UHF channels in use at the Sutro transmitter mast are UHF 32, 44, 60 and 66 corresponding to a minimum frequency of 560 MHz and a maximum frequency of 834 MHz. On the basis of expectant peaks in bio-interaction, in this case carcinogenesis, one would expect families of peaks in cancer incidence to occur at distances form the transmitter mast corresponding to odd integer multiples of pi/2 phase between A and B at the working frequencies. A working frequency of 834 MHz yields expected peaks for the first, third, fifth and seventh integer multiples at distances of .89, 2.67, 4.45 and 6.29 Km from the mast. A working frequency of 560 MHz yields distances of 0.6, 1.8, 3.0, 4.2 and 5.4 Km. The data show a positive residual in the region of .9 km which is not explained by the antenna characteristic alone, Cherry (2000) makes no comment on this. It can be seen by the argument presented here that this residual has as its most likely origin the Aharonov-Bohm type electromagnetic bio-effect with A and B exactly pi/2 out of phase at 834 MHz. Moreover, Cherry suggests the residual in the data which peaks at 4.3 km is due to the antenna lobe at 4.5 km whereas a more accurate picture is obtained by considering the mean of distances 4.2 and 4.45 Km predicted above. The data also show a clear peaking positive residual at 6.3km which Cherry attributes to the antenna main lobe at exactly 6 km distant from the tower. However, a more accurate fit can be obtained by considering the influence of the seventh integer Aharonove –Bohm electromagnetic bio-effect associated with 834 MHz signal which peaks at exactly 6.29km from the transmitter. Generally the 834 MHz transmitter seems a more effective source of carcinogenesis than does the one of 560 MHz frequency. Interestingly Smith has stated that the Ren 24 acupuncture point on the Ren Mai meridian will entrain at a frequency of 730 MHz and up to 920 MHz but from his data it does not appear to do the same at frequencies as low as 560 MHz.

Also the natural resonant frequencies of the water molecule at 1.42 and 2.65 GHz are both significantly closer to direct harmonics of the 834 MHz frequency than to those of the 560 MHz frequency.

Method for Active Prediction of HUM locations

So striking are the above results for an interpretation of electromagnetically induced bio-effect in cancer epidemiology, it was decided by the present author to see if the same type of logic could be applied for the actual active prediction of HUM locations. That is to predict exactly where on the map the HUM would be likely to be perceived the loudest, and where, perhaps, it ought not to be perceived at all, in that the HUM is also proposed to be a non-linear bio-acoustic effect linking electromagnetism and quantum biology (Barnes 2007). The strategy for such prediction is to calculate predetermined distances from known transmitter masts where the magnetic potential (A-field) and magnetic field B would be expected to have between them odd integral numbers of pi/2 phase difference on the basis of transmission frequency and propagation path. The method is simply to make the calculation according to Smith considering that the B-field is affected by the refractive index and dielectric constant of the propagation path whereas the A-field propagates in the vacuum at full light speed. The distances, calculated from several transmitter masts including one TETRA, two GSM 900MHz, one GSM 1800 MHz and a UHF TV transmitter with co-sited VHF FM and DAB, were marked as radial circles on an ordnance survey map and a number of sites conveniently accessible by road were selected on that basis alone.

In all 7 sites were selected where A and B would be expected to fulfil the required pi/2 out of phase requirement with respect to the TETRA transmitter, and a further five where A and B would be expected to be 3pi/2 out of phase.

Five sites were selected which would be expected to produce the pi/2 relationship for

GSM900 and a further three sites to produce the 3pi/2 relationship. A further three sites were selected on the basis of the 3pi/2 relationship for a GSM1800 MHz transmitter. It was not possible to get close enough to the transmitter mast by car to facilitate the much shorter pi/2 distance since the former was located in an open field. A further seven sites were investigated on the basis that they were located such as to give integral numbers of pi/2 ranging from 9-13 in respect of the 100KW UHF TV installation at Llandonna on the island of Anglesey. In choosing each site, care was taken to make sure the local geography was such as to exclude, as much as practically possible, signals from other UHF and microwave sources. Such a practical assessment and study is only possible in a semi-rural region like North Wales because many areas are already very heavily populated with broadcasting and communications towers of all kinds. All the sites were within 15km or closer to the 10KW Radio Wales 882 KHz medium wave transmitter, and it should be noted that for this transmitter and at this distance there would be minimal phase angle between the A-potential and the B-field.

Finally a further three sites were chosen with a random phase relationship for all the transmitters concerned whilst trying to ensure that at least some of these sites would still be line of site with some or all of the transmitters yet not present any of the above odd integer phase relationships.

The UK ordnance survey six figure grid references for each site and the transmitters used were recorded. All the locations are to be found on ‘Landranger’ ordnance survey map sheet number 115, namely Snowdon and the surrounding area.

The transmitter location grid references were as follows:

TETRA; 579711

GSM 900 (1); 570718

GSM 900 (2); 579711

GSM 1800; 581712

UHF TV; 583806 (Co –sited with VHF FM and DAB)

AM 882 KHz; 632805

Experiments

All the experiments were performed on the same night in January 2007. The weather conditions were calm and dry and the temperature was about 7 Celsius. The HUM could be heard at the author’s home address before embarking on the car journey to collect the experimental recordings. Both the author and his wife are sensitive to the HUM and both agreed on subjective HUM levels at the various locations on a scale of 0-10, 0 being equivalent to no HUM level discerned ranging to 10 being ‘ear splitting’ or extremely unpleasant HUM and equivalent to the loudest either had ever perceived the phenomenon in the past. All the experiments were performed by manually recording the perceived level in a parked car with the engine off. The type of car was a Vauxhall Astra 1.8, 2002 model. At locations where the HUM level was low i.e. 4 or under on the perception scale the author and his wife waited for at least 20 seconds to see if there was any variation in the HUM level. No recordings were taken in the vicinity of passing vehicles which disrupt the HUM by both background noise interference and signal scattering which causes Doppler shift and reduced coherence. The recorded results were transferred from a paper log in to an XL spreadsheet on returning to the author’s residence.

Results

The results obtained are shown in Table 1 below.

Map reference	A/B Phase relationship	Transmitter	Subjective Hum strength 0-10	Comment	Normalised
573719	180 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
578727	180 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
586726	180 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
593717	180 DEGREES	TETRA	8	NLOS
591706	180 DEGREES	TETRA	8	NLOS
583700	180 DEGREES	TETRA	8	LOS
568706	180 DEGREES	TETRA	7	NLOS
AVERAGE		TETRA	8.71	57% LOS	15.2
618712	540 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
614697	540 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
607687	540 DEGREES	TETRA	4	NLOS
598680	540 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
548692	540 DEGREES	TETRA	10	LOS
AVERAGE		TETRA	8.8	80% LOS	11
577715	180 DEGREES	GSM 900	6	NLOS
573713	180 DEGREES	GSM 900	6	LOS
584706	180 DEGREES	GSM 900	8	LOS
568706	180 DEGREES	GSM 900	8	LOS
573719	180 DEGREES	GSM 900	10	LOS
AVERAGE	180	GSM900	7.6	80% LOS	9.5
591718	540 DEGREES	GSM900	9	LOS
588720	540 DEGREES	GSM900	6	LOS
565708	540 DEGREES	GSM900	6	LOS
AVERAGE	540	GSM900	7	100% LOS	7
585713	540 DEGREES	GSM1800	6	LOS
568706	540 DEGREES	GSM1800	8	LOS
571713	540 DEGREES	GSM1800	4	LOS
AVERAGE	540	GSM1800	6	100% LOS	6
588716	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	8	LOS
579715	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	6	NLOS
574716	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	6	NLOS
573719	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	10	LOS
567717	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	4	LOS
555718	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	8	NLOS
544726	ODD MULTIPLE 180 DEG	UHF TV	10	LOS
AVERAGE		UHF TV	7.4	57% LOS	13
597710	RANDOM	NO LOS	0
605706	RANDOM	NO LOS	2
557712	RANDOM	NO LOS	0
557704	RANDOM	LOS ALL	0

Column 1 of the table merely shows the o/s grid reference of the experimental location. Column 2 shows the phase relationship between the A-potential and the B-field at each location. Column 3 shows the transmitter type for which each location was optimised. Column 4 shows the subjective perceived HUM strengths at each location together with the average HUM strengths across each particular location type. Column 5 is the comment column; LOS standing for line of sight communication path with the chosen transmitter mast and NLOS standing for not line of site. Column 6 shows the subjective HUM level obtained as a result of re-normalising the average levels to take out imbalances in the data caused by none line of site propagation paths.

It can be seen that all sites with a pi/2 or npi/2 phase relationship between the A-potential and the B-field for their chosen transmitter manifest the HUM to a greater or lesser degree, exactly as predicted by the initial hypothesis. Further it can be seen that subjectively, TETRA and UHF television have the largest potential to give rise to the HUM followed by GSM900 mobile phone base stations, followed least of all by GSM1800 base stations, see figure 1. It can also be seen that subjective HUM levels are not dependent on UHF field strength. For instance going from a pi/2 to a 3pi/2 criterion as defined above trebles the distance from the transmitter. For such an increase in distance, classical electromagnetism would predict a fall in field strength to 1/9^th its original value, yet the subjective HUM level only falls to .72 of the original for TETRA and .86 of the original for GSM900 over this trebling of distance from the respective transmitters. It can further be seen that sites which do not satisfy the Aharonov-Bohm criteria have either no or minimal potential to cause the HUM, even in the case where they are in direct line of site with all the above transmitter installations.

Interfering frequencies

An attempt was made to see if interference from nearby frequency sources could modify the HUM. A 100mW 49MHz source caused a miniscule reduction in the perceived HUM amplitude when capacitively coupled directly to the author’s outer ear. A 144 MHz 1 watt source made no difference whatsoever. A 446 MHz 100mW PMR source caused a minute increase in the perceived HUM magnitude.

Confirmation of most likely mechanism for HUM hearing

As previously discovered (Barnes 2007) perception of the HUM requires very specific frequencies and magnetic field strengths and it is not surprising, therefore, interfering signals even at considerable local field strength have little discernable effect. Some contemporary scientists view certain protein and nucleic acid segments of biological cells and organelles as being room temperature superconductors and therefore capable of, under appropriate circumstances, Josephson junction type behaviour (Del Guidice et al 1989 and Smith 2004). Classical Josephson junctions are used in SQUID devices for the detection of brain wave magnetism and also for microwave detection and for detection of Curl-free magnetic vector potential fields (A-fields), indeed there are several US patents on this use. An a.c. Josepson junction acts like a perfect voltage to frequency converter (or the converse) and so it might demodulate a frequency or amplitude varying A –potential. Taken with the weight of evidence above ,in particular maximisation of the HUM phenomenon at odd npi/2 phase differences between A and B for a given transmitter the results give extremely strong support to the most likely mechanism of HUM hearing as coherent bio detection. It has not been possible from this experiment to localise the precise place of bio detection, but in the author at least secondary nerve stimulation as a result of the HUM would appear to occur possibly causing tensor tympani syndrome as borne out by the Helmholtz resonator like change in pulse repetition frequency when the outer ear is sealed with an airtight plastic sheet.

Direction of the HUM

It is impossible for individuals affected to sense the direction of the HUM. The perfect omni-directional transmitting antenna is the theoretical isotropic radiator. The converse is true of a receiving antenna. If single cells or even cellular clusters are responsible for the bio-detection of the HUM they are far tinier than a wavelength and would therefore be expected to act as isotropic. When the HUM amplitude is quite weak it is sometimes necessary to turn the head a couple of times before it can be discerned. It is interesting to note that Smith (2006) has mentioned that tapping, shock or shaking is needed when radio-imprinting water and comments that clearly something unusual is happening in space and time in order to facilitate this requirement. Maybe turning of the head does something similar to bio fluids in the brain or hearing apparatus. Involving infrasound, in addition to electromagnetic radiation the Hum will have components which are seismic or vibratory and components of near vertical incidence which have been shown to originate from at least jet stream height. This also accounts for people’s perceived difficulty in locating a Hum direction .

Conclusions

The present work shows the following conclusions:

1. An electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm criteria used previously by Smith for imprinting electromagnetic frequencies in water memory and to highlight epidemiological findings of cancer clusters around television transmitter installations, namely that the phase difference between the A-potential and the B-field should be pi/2 may be extended for the purpose of epidemiology prediction to cases where the phase difference becomes npi/2 where n is an odd integer.

2. The same type of phase criteria as in (1) above have been used here successfully to predict precise locations where the phenomenon known as the HUM will be experienced and maximised for a given UHF/microwave transmitter frequency in the presence of a background medium wave field.

3. The type of 400 MHz digital transmission known as TETRA would seem, at least subjectively, to have the most capacity to cause the HUM. This is followed by UHF TV 500-800MHz, GSM 900MHz and finally by GSM 1800 has least capacity to cause the HUM.

4. Subjective perception of the HUM is a non-linear coherent bio-effect at points with UHF/microwave field of an appropriate A-B phase relationship does not seem to follow the normal inverse square law of electromagnetic attenuation. It should be remembered however that a strong coincident medium wave field is also required for the perception of the HUM and in this respect all of the locations were only a few tens of wavelengths away from the 882 KHz (lambda = 340m) medium wave transmitter at Penmon, ngr 632805.

5. Coherent detection of the HUM might involve biological equivalent of a Josephson junction(s).

6. In some individuals there is simultaneous tensor tympani tremble when the HUM is present.

Implications and the future

The implications of this study and the previous on of the author (Barnes 2007) to the general public, planners and users of the radio frequency spectrum are immense. Doubts have been raised in the past concerning the simplistic approach that it is only dangerous to be within the near field or at least very close to say within a few tens metres at the most of a UHF/ microwave transmitting antenna. This study has shown that the acoustic electromagnetic bio-effect known as the HUM is precipitated in locations and at field strengths not previously thought to be in any way hazardous. At the very least, the HUM is a nocturnal nuisance; at most, sites wherein it is perceived might even constitute dangerous bio-hazards. In the meantime we should err on the side of caution and reduce power levels of all broadcasting and communications facilities to an absolutely practical minimum. Mobile telephone receivers for example are capable of working at field strengths between 1-10,000 times less than those currently employed. Armed with this type of information in the future transmitter site planners and even general building town and country planners will have more idea how to locate buildings and transmitters to minimise bio-effects such as the HUM. It may be that in future as the quantum biological manifestations of the electromagnetic interaction become better understood that certain specific frequencies and modulation schemes will also have to be avoided.

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